Mostrando postagens com marcador conchostráceo. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador conchostráceo. Mostrar todas as postagens

segunda-feira, 22 de julho de 2013

Registros do Cretáceo

Algas ajudaram a preservar pegadas de dinossauro na Paraíba 

IGOR ZOLNERKEVIC | Edição 209 - Julho de 2013
© FABIO COLOMBINI
Trilha fossilizada no Vale dos Dinossauros, no município de Sousa
Trilha fossilizada no Vale dos Dinossauros, no município de Sousa

Para quem quiser deixar uma marca duradoura de sua existência na Terra, fica a dica: caminhe à beira de um lago, onde houver lama ou areia fina e molhada, coberta de limo. Centenas de dinossauros fizeram isso, e suas pegadas permanecem intactas, gravadas nas rochas do sertão nordestino, no município de Sousa, interior da Paraíba, graças à ação das algas verdes e azuis do limo onde pisaram há mais de 100 milhões de anos.

A conclusão é dos paleontólogos Ismar Carvalho, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), e Giuseppe Leonardi, do Instituto Cavanis, em Kinshasa-Ngaliema, na República Democrática do Congo. Em parceria com o geólogo Leonardo Borghi, da UFRJ, eles apresentaram, em artigo publicado em maio deste ano na revista Cretaceous R  esearch, a primeira prova material da importância do limo na preservação de pegadas fósseis. O filme gelatinoso criado pelos microrganismos crescendo sobre a lama pisada teria impedido que as pegadas fossem apagadas pelo vento e pela chuva, antes que ela endurecesse e fosse recoberta por uma nova camada de sedimento que a protegeria da erosão.

“É incrível como microrganismos ajudaram a registrar a vida de alguns dos maiores animais que já viveram”, comenta Leonardi, considerado um dos principais especialistas em icnologia, o estudo de marcas deixadas por animais extintos, os chamados icnofósseis, para determinar sua postura e comportamento. Foi por meio de pegadas, por exemplo, que os paleontólogos deixaram de montar incorretamente os esqueletos fósseis nos museus. Antigamente achava-se que os dinossauros andavam como os crocodilos, arrastando o ventre e a cauda no chão. As pegadas, no entanto, mostram que as criaturas andavam com a cauda e corpo suspensos, com seu peso distribuído igualmente sobre as patas.
As pegadas de Sousa foram descritas pela primeira vez em 1924, pelo engenheiro de minas Luciano Jacques de Moraes. O estudo dessas marcas, entretanto, só começou em 1975, quando Leonardi passou um ano explorando a região. Nascido na Itália em uma família de geólogos e paleontólogos, Leonardi, 74 anos, sempre dividiu seu tempo entre a carreira de pesquisador e a de padre católico. Ele se prepara para lançar um livro sobre Sousa, escrito em colaboração com Carvalho, ao mesmo tempo que atua na educação de crianças no Congo.



As rochas de Sousa se formaram a partir de sedimentos acumulados em um vale aberto no início da separação entre a América do Sul e a África, no começo do chamado período Cretáceo. Entre 142 milhões e 130 milhões de anos atrás, o vale abrigava rios e lagos, atraindo a fauna da região. Sua lama transformada em rocha registrou a passagem de quase 400 indivíduos — dinossauros, crocodilos, sapos e tartarugas. Também há marcas de ondulações produzidas por água corrente e até pequenos buracos criados por gotas de chuva.

Cenas do passado

Não há, porém, ossadas fósseis em Sousa, ao contrário do que ocorre na bacia sedimentar vizinha do Araripe, no Ceará, local da descoberta de muitos dinossauros do Cretáceo. Leonardi explica que os sedimentos e o ambiente das bacias eram distintos. O ambiente mais ácido de Sousa corroía os ossos, enquanto no Araripe enxurradas arrastavam e soterravam rapidamente as carcaças dos animais, mantendo os ossos em condições favoráveis à petrificação.

“Em geral, os fósseis são registros da morte, enquanto as pegadas são registros da vida”, afirma Carvalho. Dificilmente as pegadas permitirão identificar a espécie do animal que as produziu. Mesmo assim, os pesquisadores conseguem classificá-las de acordo com certos grupos de dinossauros e, em locais onde há muitas delas, podem reconstruir cenas do passado.

© ARIEL MILANI MARTINE
O cotidiano dos dinossauros de Sousa lembra a vida dos grandes mamíferos das savanas africanas de hoje. Há trilhas feitas por bandos numerosos de saurópodes, imensos herbívoros quadrúpedes, semelhantes aos brontossauros. Em certo local é possível notar que um saurópode adulto diminuiu sua marcha para acompanhar o passo de um filhote. Em outros pontos, esses bandos são perseguidos por pequenos grupos de terópodes, carnívoros bípedes parecidos com tiranossauros ou velocirraptores. Mais ativos que os herbívoros, os terópodes deixaram mais pegadas registradas, apesar de provavelmente terem sido em menor número.

“Essas marcas são estruturas tão delicadas, tão fáceis de serem apagadas pelas intempéries”, diz Carvalho. “Queríamos entender como foram preservadas.” Segundo ele, os pesquisadores costumavam concordar que, para as pegadas serem preservadas, bastava que o sedimento onde estavam impressas tivesse certas características especiais. Ele deveria ser fino, úmido e plástico na medida certa, como a argila. Todos os estudos experimentais feitos até agora, porém, demonstram que isso muitas vezes não é o suficiente.

De uma década para cá, começaram a aparecer evidências de que as pegadas menos erodidas são aquelas cobertas por limo. Em 2009, por exemplo, um grupo de arqueólogos suíços observou exatamente isso ao estudar o endurecimento de pegadas humanas impressas há poucos anos na beira de lagos no Caribe e no Oriente Médio. Carvalho notou algo semelhante na Região dos Lagos, no Rio de Janeiro. Outros paleontólogos começaram a suspeitar de que as chamadas esteiras microbianas que compõem o limo funcionariam como uma cola entre os grãos do sedimento, preservando os traços das pegadas, além de os protegerem contra o vento e a chuva. Os microrganismos ajudariam ainda na petrificação, acumulando o cálcio que endurece o sedimento.
Carvalho e seus colegas descobriram a primeira evidência material do fenômeno ao analisarem ao microscópio as lâminas de rochas extraídas de um poço na Fazenda Cedro, em Sousa. Encontraram várias camadas de microbialitos, um tipo de rocha formado a partir dos restos de esteiras microbianas do Cretáceo.

Outra evidência indireta é a presença em Sousa de fósseis de conchostráceos, um crustáceo protegido por duas conchas, aparentado de caranguejos e camarões.

Os conchostráceos existem até hoje e quase nunca ultrapassam meio centímetro de comprimento. Uma das espécies de Sousa, porém, atinge 4,5 centímetros.

Carvalho acredita que os conchostráceos de Sousa cresceram tanto por conta do ambiente de águas quentes, calmas e ricas em nutrientes que favoreceram a proliferação das esteiras microbianas nas margens dos lagos onde os dinossauros pisavam.

Mais limo, mais detalhes

As pegadas mais ricas em detalhes, que vistas bem de perto revelam de marcas de unhas a ranhuras da planta das patas e dos dedos, seriam aquelas formadas onde as esteiras teriam crescido mais. O limo teria ajudado a preservar também as rebordas que aparecem em volta de algumas pegadas. As rebordas são feitas da lama espirrada quando o animal pisou e podem informar seu peso.
Além do sedimento argiloso e das esteiras microbianas, os ciclos de deposição dos sedimentos seguindo as estações secas e chuvosas também ajudou a preservar as pegadas em Sousa. Pegadas eram gravadas e endurecidas durante a estação seca, para então serem enterradas por uma nova camada de sedimento trazida pelas chuvas. A nova camada serviria então de substrato para gravar mais pegadas na estação seca seguinte. Em um local conhecido como Passagem das Pedras, em Sousa, Leonardi escavou 25 dessas camadas com pegadas, produzidas por variações cíclicas na borda de um lago.

Carvalho, cuja pesquisa tem apoio da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) e do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), espera agora examinar lâminas de rochas de outros lugares do mundo com pegadas fósseis. O maior deles fica em Sucre, na Bolívia. “Tenho quase certeza de que os microbialitos estão presentes lá”, diz.

“As esteiras microbianas estão na moda”, comenta o paleontólogo Marcelo Adorna Fernandes, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, cujo laboratório possui a maior coleção de icnofósseis do país, muitos deles coletados no interior paulista, principalmente em Araraquara, onde foram descobertas pegadas até em rochas das calçadas da cidade. Fernandes conta que espera analisar em breve o que ele acredita ser rastros deixados por invertebrados ao rasgarem esteiras microbianas crescendo no fundo dos lagos glaciais, que deram origem às rochas sedimentares conhecidas como os varvitos de Itu.

Artigo científico

CARVALHO, I. et al. Preservation of dinosaur tracks induced by microbial mats in the Sousa Basin (Lower Cretaceous), Brazil. Cretaceous Research. Publicado on-line. 10 mai. 2013.

quinta-feira, 18 de agosto de 2011

Conchostraca

(Clam shrimps)
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchiopoda
Order Conchostraca
Number of families 5
Thumbnail description
Shrimps that possess a bivalved shell with a hinge that envelops the entire body and limbs; they are found exclusively in freshwater


Evolution and systematics

The fossil record of the Conchostraca is one of the oldest among the Branchiopoda, extending from the Lower Devonian. This record consists mostly of fossils of carapaces, and since the major diagnostic features of the clam shrimps relate to this carapace, these fossils are easily classified as conchostracans. Nevertheless, these characteristics do not provide details of the evolution within the group.
The Conchostraca and Cladocera belong to the subclass Diplostraca, which, together with the subclasses Calamanostraca and Sarsostraca, form the three living groups of the class Branchiopoda; two fossil groups, Kazacharthra and Lipostraca, also belong to this class. The term Branchiopoda literally means "gilled feet," and branchiopods are consequently said to breathe through their feet, which are leaflike and divided into lobes, each containing a gill plate. The presence of gills on the feet of the Branchiopoda is almost the only common characteristic among the diverse members of this group, although minor similarities can be found in the organization of the trunk segments and trunk limbs.
In 1986 the conchostracans were divided into five families of bivalve crustaceans: Lynceidae, Limnadiidae, Cyclestheriidae, Cyzicidae, and Leptestheriidae. However, the relationships among these families are not well understood and many authors believe that these relationships may not even exist. In fact, the validity of the term Conchostraca as a taxonomic name is debatable, since no evidence has been found that supports a monophyletic origin for clam shrimps. Nevertheless, up to the present, no author has presented a phylogenetically supported or generally accepted reclassification for this group.

Physical characteristics

Conchostracans are commonly known as clam shrimp due to their outward resemblance to bivalve mollusks. All conchostracans are laterally flattened and possess a bivalve carapace, joined by a dorsal hinge or fold with the two halves connected and controlled by a strong adductor muscle. This carapace covers the entire body and limbs (or almost), and, in most cases, is marked by concentric lines of growth. The trunk is divided into 10–32 segments, each with a pair of appendages. The second pair of antennae is well developed and biramous, and the compound eyes are sessile. Conchostracans can be distinguished from other groups of the Branchiopoda because their bodies are completely enclosed within the carapace and because they possess a comparatively reduced abdomen. They range in size from a few millimeters to up to 0.7 in (1.7 cm). Their color is usually translucent to pale, although some species might present a pink, reddish, or orange coloration because of the presence of hemoglobin in the haemolymph; the shell color varies from translucent to dark brown.

Distribution

Modern conchostracans occur exclusively in freshwater bodies on all continents, except Antarctica and northern polar regions. Some extinct species apparently inhabited marine habitats during the Devonian and Carboniferous.

Habitat

Clam shrimps are commonly found in temporary water bodies such as ephemeral ponds and troughs. Nevertheless, there have been reports of members of the family Lynceidae in prairie streams, while the family Cyclestheriidae mainly inhabits permanent bodies of water that are always associated with a thick algal mat. Clam shrimps spend most of their time on the bottom of these water bodies filtering nutritious particles, and they can frequently be found burrowed in the mud.

Behavior

Clam shrimps use their second antennae in addition to their legs for swimming, sometimes in an upside-down position, performing spiral or staggered movements. They can reproduce sexually, asexually (via parthenogenesis), or by both means. The females carry several hundred eggs attached to a specialized appendix; these eggs are usually shed when the female molts, although in some species, the eggs hatch in a brood pouch attached to the carapace. Some species produce drought-resistant eggs that can be dispersed by water or wind and are widely distributed.

Feeding ecology and diet

Conchostracans are generally acknowledged as filter feeders, but they can also scrape and tear at their food, and will scavenge almost any organism in their environment. Some species also scrape materials from rocks or other substrates. Conchostracans use their forefeet to collect food, while the hind appendages are modified as mandibles for grinding large food particles.

Reproductive biology

During copulation, the male clam shrimp grasps the ventral edge of the female shell and deposits a spermatophore inside the female's carapace by extending his abdomen. The eggs are brooded inside the female's shell and are shed at the time of the female molt. Breeding is constant throughout the adult life of clam shrimps, and the female sheds eggs with every molt. Conchostracans usually produce two kinds of eggs: vegetative and asexual eggs, known as summer eggs, and more resistant, dry-season or winter eggs that are usually sexually produced. The summer eggs possess a thin shell and they might develop parthenogenetically or be fertilized; their development is rapid and they may hatch while still attached to the female. The winter eggs possess a thick shell and, in some species, they can remain dormant for long periods of time. Winter eggs are produced in lesser numbers and their production might be stimulated by external factors such as population density, temperature, and photoperiod. With the exception of the family Cyclestheriidae, the eggs of clam shrimps hatch as a nauplius larva that develops quickly into an adult without undergoing metamorphosis, although the acquisition of the carapace gives a false impression of metamorphosis. The family Cyclestheriidae reproduces mostly by parthenogenesis, with the eggs hatching in a brood pouch attached to the female and developing into replicas of the adult before being released without a naupliar stage.

Conservation status

No species of clam shrimp are listed by the IUCN. Some endemic species have limited distributions, but none have been considered endangered so far, probably because this group has been poorly studied.

Significance to humans

There is no known significance to humans.

Species accounts

List of Species

Cyclestheria hislopi
Texan clam shrimp
Graceful clam shrimp

No common name

Cyclestheria hislopi

FAMILY

Ciclestheriidae

TAXONOMY

Estheria hislopi Baird, 1859, India.

OTHER COMMON NAMES

None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Shares some morphological features with the cladocerans, such as fused compound eyes, modified antennules, and a specialized brood pouch, leading some authors to believe that this species might be a missing link between conchostracans and cladocerans.

DISTRIBUTION

Presents a pantropical distribution, being restricted to a latitude between 30°N and 35°S in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America.

HABITAT

The natural habitat differs from that of other conchostracans because it mostly inhabit permanent bodies of water, where it is always associated with certain species of algae and other aquatic vegetation.

BEHAVIOR

Characterized by the rarity of males; reproduces primarily by parthenogenesis, and there have only been reports of males from four sites worldwide.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Feeds mainly by filtering detritus and plankton from its environment.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Populations are mostly parthenogenetic and composed almost entirely of hermophrodites. Males are extremely rare, arising only when physical conditions become unfavorable. The eggs undergo direct development in the brood chamber of the female and hatch as miniature replicas of the adults instead of the nauplius larva that is typical of other conchostracans.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.


Texan clam shrimp

Eulimnadia texana

FAMILY

Limnadiidae

TAXONOMY

Eulimnadia texana Packard, 1871, Texas, United States.

OTHER COMMON NAMES

None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Present a pronounced sexual dimorphism; most notable characteristic is the modification of male's first pair of appendages into claw-like claspers that are used to hold onto the margins of a hermaphrodite's carapace during mating.

DISTRIBUTION

Restricted to southern United States, west of the Mississippi River and north of Mexico.

HABITAT

All types of ephemeral freshwater bodies.

BEHAVIOR

Common to all clam shrimps.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Omnivorous; able to filter feed as well as forage along pond bottoms.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Populations are usually composed mainly of hermaphrodites with the percentage of males ranging from 0–40% in natural populations. Hermaphrodites are able to produce drought-resistant cysts that are carried in a brood chamber inside the carapace. These eggs are usually released into a burrow dug by the hermaphrodites. Develops extremely fast, with an individual reaching reproductive size in 4–6 days under natural conditions.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.

Graceful clam shrimp

Lynceus gracilicornis

FAMILY

Lynceidae

TAXONOMY

Lynceus gracilicornis Packard, 1871, Texas, United States.

OTHER COMMON NAMES

None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Large clam shrimp, presenting a body coloration ranging from orange to rose and a dark maroon shell; eggs carried by the female are yellow to orange. This species distinguished from other members of the Lynceidae because males bear a pair of dimorphic claspers, with the right clasper being much larger than the left; also characterized by the absence of growth marks on the carapace.

DISTRIBUTION

Texas and northern Florida; however, it is suspected to inhabit other regions in between.

HABITAT

Usually found in the shallow grassy parts of natural or artificial temporary ponds. Some individuals might be found in deep water when oxygen levels are high.

BEHAVIOR

Swims upside-down or on its side using its feet and antennae for backward propulsion.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Feeds on plankton that it collects while swimming.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Male clasps the lower border of the female's shell and swims while holding the female above him. Females may carry up to 200 eggs in a cohesive mass that is readily visible through the carapace.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.

Resources

Books

Bliss, Dorothy E. Biology of the Crustacea. New York: Academic Press, 1982–1985.
Schram, Frederick R. Crustacea. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Periodicals

Martin, J. W., B. E. Felgenhauer, and L. G. Abele. "Redescription of the Clam Shrimp Lynceus gracilicornis (Packard) (Branchiopoda, Conchostraca, Lynceidae) from Florida, with Notes on Its Biology." Zoologica Scripta 15, no. 3 (1986): 221–232.
Olesen, J., J. W. Martin, and E. W. Roessler. "External Morphology of the Male of Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) with a Comparison of Male Claspers Among the Conchostraca and Cladocera and Its Bearing on Phylogeny of the Bivalved Branchiopoda." Zoologica Scripta 25, no. 4 (1996): 291–316.

Other

Boyce, Sarah Lyn. "The Conchostraca." February 12, 2003 [July 24, 2003].
Eder, Erich. "Large Branchiopods—Living Fossils!" June 24, 2003 [July 24, 2003].
"Introduction to the Branchiopoda." University of California Museum of Paleontology. July 1, 2003 [July 24, 2003].
Johana Rincones, PhD
Alberto Arab, PhD
Conchostraca (Clam Shrimps)

© 2004 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning Inc.

All rights reserved
Fonte: http://www.jiffynotes.com/a_study_guides/book_notes/grze_02/grze_02_00102.html 

Order Conchostraca

Conchostraca

(Clam shrimps)

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Branchiopoda
Number of families 5
Thumbnail description
Shrimps that possess a bivalved shell with a hinge that envelops the entire body and limbs; they are found exclusively in freshwater
Photo: Clam shrimps (Limnadia lenticularis) are found in temporary puddles, sometimes dug into the mud at the bottom of the puddle.
Order Conchostraca

Evolution and Systematics

The fossil record of the Conchostraca is one of the oldest among the Branchiopoda, extending from the Lower Devonian. This record consists mostly of fossils of carapaces, and since the major diagnostic features of the clam shrimps relate to this carapace, these fossils are easily classified as conchos-tracans. Nevertheless, these characteristics do not provide details of the evolution within the group.
The Conchostraca and Cladocera belong to the subclass Diplostraca, which, together with the subclasses Calamanos-traca and Sarsostraca, form the three living groups of the class Branchiopoda; two fossil groups, Kazacharthra and Lipos-traca, also belong to this class. The term Branchiopoda literally means “gilled feet,” and branchiopods are consequently said to breathe through their feet, which are leaflike and divided into lobes, each containing a gill plate. The presence of gills on the feet of the Branchiopoda is almost the only common characteristic among the diverse members of this group, although minor similarities can be found in the organization of the trunk segments and trunk limbs.
In 1986 the conchostracans were divided into five families of bivalve crustaceans: Lynceidae, Limnadiidae, Cyclestheri-idae, Cyzicidae, and Leptestheriidae. However, the relationships among these families are not well understood and many authors believe that these relationships may not even exist. In fact, the validity of the term Conchostraca as a taxonomic name is debatable, since no evidence has been found that supports a monophyletic origin for clam shrimps. Nevertheless, up to the present, no author has presented a phylogenetically supported or generally accepted reclassification for this group.

Physical characteristics

Conchostracans are commonly known as clam shrimp due to their outward resemblance to bivalve mollusks. All con-chostracans are laterally flattened and possess a bivalve carapace, joined by a dorsal hinge or fold with the two halves connected and controlled by a strong adductor muscle. This carapace covers the entire body and limbs (or almost), and, in most cases, is marked by concentric lines of growth. The trunk is divided into 10-32 segments, each with a pair of appendages. The second pair of antennae is well developed and biramous, and the compound eyes are sessile. Conchostracans can be distinguished from other groups of the Branchiopoda because their bodies are completely enclosed within the carapace and because they possess a comparatively reduced abdomen. They range in size from a few millimeters to up to 0.7 in (1.7 cm). Their color is usually translucent to pale, although some species might present a pink, reddish, or orange coloration because of the presence of hemoglobin in the haemolymph; the shell color varies from translucent to dark brown.

Distribution

Modern conchostracans occur exclusively in freshwater bodies on all continents, except Antarctica and northern polar regions. Some extinct species apparently inhabited marine habitats during the Devonian and Carboniferous.

Habitat

Clam shrimps are commonly found in temporary water bodies such as ephemeral ponds and troughs. Nevertheless, there have been reports of members of the family Lynceidae in prairie streams, while the family Cyclestheriidae mainly inhabits permanent bodies of water that are always associated with a thick algal mat. Clam shrimps spend most of their time on the bottom of these water bodies filtering nutritious particles, and they can frequently be found burrowed in the mud.

Behavior

Clam shrimps use their second antennae in addition to their legs for swimming, sometimes in an upside-down position, performing spiral or staggered movements. They can reproduce sexually, asexually (via parthenogenesis), or by both means. The females carry several hundred eggs attached to a specialized appendix; these eggs are usually shed when the female molts, although in some species, the eggs hatch in a brood pouch attached to the carapace. Some species produce drought-resistant eggs that can be dispersed by water or wind and are widely distributed.

Feeding ecology and diet

Conchostracans are generally acknowledged as filter feeders, but they can also scrape and tear at their food, and will scavenge almost any organism in their environment. Some species also scrape materials from rocks or other substrates. Conchostracans use their forefeet to collect food, while the hind appendages are modified as mandibles for grinding large food particles.

Reproductive biology

During copulation, the male clam shrimp grasps the ventral edge of the female shell and deposits a spermatophore in- side the female’s carapace by extending his abdomen. The eggs are brooded inside the female’s shell and are shed at the time of the female molt. Breeding is constant throughout the adult life of clam shrimps, and the female sheds eggs with every molt. Conchostracans usually produce two kinds of eggs: vegetative and asexual eggs, known as summer eggs, and more resistant, dry-season or winter eggs that are usually sexually produced. The summer eggs possess a thin shell and they might develop parthenogenetically or be fertilized; their development is rapid and they may hatch while still attached to the female. The winter eggs possess a thick shell and, in some species, they can remain dormant for long periods of time. Winter eggs are produced in lesser numbers and their production might be stimulated by external factors such as population density, temperature, and photoperiod. With the exception of the family Cyclestheriidae, the eggs of clam shrimps hatch as a nauplius larva that develops quickly into an adult without undergoing metamorphosis, although the acquisition of the carapace gives a false impression of metamorphosis. The family Cyclestheriidae reproduces mostly by parthenogenesis, with the eggs hatching in a brood pouch attached to the female and developing into replicas of the adult before being released without a naupliar stage.

Conservation status

No species of clam shrimp are listed by the IUCN. Some endemic species have limited distributions, but none have been considered endangered so far, probably because this group has been poorly studied.

Significance to humans

There is no known significance to humans.
1. Cyclestheria hislopi; 2. Graceful clam shrimp (Lynceus gracilicornis); 3. Texan clam shrimp (Eulimnadia texana).
1. Cyclestheria hislopi; 2. Graceful clam shrimp (Lynceus gracilicornis); 3. Texan clam shrimp (Eulimnadia texana).

Species accounts

No common name

Cyclestheria hislopi
FAMILY
Ciclestheriidae
TAXONOMY
Estheria hislopi Baird, 1859, India.
OTHER COMMON NAMES
None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Shares some morphological features with the cladocerans, such as fused compound eyes, modified antennules, and a specialized brood pouch, leading some authors to believe that this species might be a missing link between conchostracans and cladocerans.

DISTRIBUTION

Presents a pantropical distribution, being restricted to a latitude between 30°N and 35°S in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America.

HABITAT

The natural habitat differs from that of other conchostracans because it mostly inhabit permanent bodies of water, where it is always associated with certain species of algae and other aquatic vegetation.

BEHAVIOR

Characterized by the rarity of males; reproduces primarily by parthenogenesis, and there have only been reports of males from four sites worldwide.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Feeds mainly by filtering detritus and plankton from its environment.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Populations are mostly parthenogenetic and composed almost entirely of hermophrodites. Males are extremely rare, arising only when physical conditions become unfavorable. The eggs undergo direct development in the brood chamber of the female and hatch as miniature replicas of the adults instead of the nauplius larva that is typical of other conchostracans.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.
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Texan clam shrimp

Eulimnadia texana
FAMILY
Limnadiidae
TAXONOMY
Eulimnadia texana Packard, 1871, Texas, United States.
OTHER COMMON NAMES
None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Present a pronounced sexual dimorphism; most notable characteristic is the modification of male’s first pair of appendages into claw-like claspers that are used to hold onto the margins of a hermaphrodite’s carapace during mating.

DISTRIBUTION

Restricted to southern United States, west of the Mississippi River and north of Mexico.

HABITAT

All types of ephemeral freshwater bodies.

BEHAVIOR

Common to all clam shrimps.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Omnivorous; able to filter feed as well as forage along pond bottoms.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Populations are usually composed mainly of hermaphrodites with the percentage of males ranging from 0-40% in natural populations. Hermaphrodites are able to produce drought-resistant cysts that are carried in a brood chamber inside the carapace. These eggs are usually released into a burrow dug by the hermaphrodites. Develops extremely fast, with an individual reaching reproductive size in 4-6 days under natural conditions.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.

Graceful clam shrimp

Lynceus gracilicornis
FAMILY
Lynceidae
TAXONOMY
Lynceus gracilicornis Packard, 1871, Texas, United States.
OTHER COMMON NAMES
None known.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Large clam shrimp, presenting a body coloration ranging from orange to rose and a dark maroon shell; eggs carried by the female are yellow to orange. This species distinguished from other members of the Lynceidae because males bear a pair of dimorphic claspers, with the right clasper being much larger than the left; also characterized by the absence of growth marks on the carapace.

DISTRIBUTION

Texas and northern Florida; however, it is suspected to inhabit other regions in between.

HABITAT

Usually found in the shallow grassy parts of natural or artificial temporary ponds. Some individuals might be found in deep water when oxygen levels are high.

BEHAVIOR

Swims upside-down or on its side using its feet and antennae for backward propulsion.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Feeds on plankton that it collects while swimming.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Male clasps the lower border of the female’s shell and swims while holding the female above him. Females may carry up to 200 eggs in a cohesive mass that is readily visible through the carapace.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Not listed by the IUCN.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.

Fonte: http://what-when-how.com/animal-life/order-conchostraca/