Carpolestes snigridens (Simpson 1928; late Paleocene, 58 mya; ~20cm in length) was traditionally considered an outgroup to the Primates, but here nests as a primate-like rodent between Ignacius and multituberculates like Paulchoffatia. Like Notharctus, Carpolestes had a thumb-like pollex and hallux and was a long-limbed arboreal herbivore. Note the large last lower premolar, a precursor to the otherwise unique multituberculate tooth (see below) which oddly does not appear in Paulchoffatia.

Arboroharamiya jenkinsi (Zheng et al. 2013; A. allinhopsoni Han et al. 2017; Middle Jurassic) was traditionally considered a euharamiyid (pre-mammal) glider known from two crushed but complete specimens. Here it nests with Carpolestes, a primate-like rodent. Boyer DM and Bloch JI 2008. Evaluating the Mitten-Gliding Hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, “Plesiadapiformes”) Using Comparative Functional Morphology of New Paleogene Skeletons. Chapter 11 in Sargis EJ and Dagosto M (eds.), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, 233–284. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Cope ED 1882. A new genus of Taeniodonta. American Naturalist XVI, p. 604-605. Han G, Mao F-Y, Bi-SD, Wang Y-Q and Meng J 2017. A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones. Nature 551:451–457. Kühne WB 1961. Eine Mammaliafauna aus dem Kimmeridge Portugals. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1961:374-381. Simpson G G 1928. A new mammalian fauna from the Fort Union of southern Montana. American Museum Novitates 297:1-15. Zheng X, Bi S, Wang X and Meng J 2013. A new arboreal haramiyid shows the diversity of crown mammals in the Jurassic period. Nature. 500 (7461): 199.