Um contexto hidroclimático de dois milhões de anos para a evolução dos hominídeos no sudeste da África
Abstract
Os últimos dois milhões de anos da variabilidade climática da África oriental estão atualmente muito restritos, apesar do interesse em compreender seu papel assumido na evolução humana inicial1,2,3,4. Raros registros paleoclimáticos do nordeste da África sugerem condições progressivamente mais secas2,5 ou um hidroclima estável6. Por outro lado, registros do Lago Malawi no sudeste tropical da África revelam uma tendência de um clima progressivamente mais úmido nos últimos 1,3 milhões de anos7,8.
As forças climáticas que controlavam essas mudanças hidrológicas passadas também são objeto de debate. Alguns estudos sugerem uma insolação local dominante forçando mudanças hidrológicas9,10,11, enquanto outros inferem uma potencial influência das mudanças de temperatura da superfície do mar no Oceano Índico8,12,13. Aqui mostramos que o hidroclima no sudeste da África (20–25 ° S) é controlado pela interação entre o forçamento de insolação de baixa latitude (precessão e excentricidade) e mudanças no volume de gelo em altas latitudes. Os nossos resultados baseiam-se numa reconstrução múltipla de alterações hidrológicas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Limpopo, combinada com uma reconstrução da temperatura da superfície do mar no sudoeste do Oceano Índico nos últimos 2.14 milhões de anos.
Encontramos uma aridificação a longo prazo na bacia hidrográfica do Limpopo, entre cerca de 1 e 0,6 milhões de anos atrás, em oposição à evolução hidroclimática sugerida pelos registos do Lago Malawi. Nossos resultados, juntamente com a evidência de umedecimento no Lago Malawi, implicam que a correia de chuva se contrai em direção ao Equador em resposta ao aumento do volume de gelo em altas latitudes. Ao reduzir a extensão das florestas e zonas úmidas em ecossistemas terrestres, as mudanças observadas no hidroclima do sudeste da África - tanto em termos de estado de longo prazo quanto de marcada variabilidade precessional - poderiam ter tido um papel na evolução dos primeiros hominídeos, particularmente em a extinção do Paranthropus robustus.
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As forças climáticas que controlavam essas mudanças hidrológicas passadas também são objeto de debate. Alguns estudos sugerem uma insolação local dominante forçando mudanças hidrológicas9,10,11, enquanto outros inferem uma potencial influência das mudanças de temperatura da superfície do mar no Oceano Índico8,12,13. Aqui mostramos que o hidroclima no sudeste da África (20–25 ° S) é controlado pela interação entre o forçamento de insolação de baixa latitude (precessão e excentricidade) e mudanças no volume de gelo em altas latitudes. Os nossos resultados baseiam-se numa reconstrução múltipla de alterações hidrológicas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Limpopo, combinada com uma reconstrução da temperatura da superfície do mar no sudoeste do Oceano Índico nos últimos 2.14 milhões de anos.
Encontramos uma aridificação a longo prazo na bacia hidrográfica do Limpopo, entre cerca de 1 e 0,6 milhões de anos atrás, em oposição à evolução hidroclimática sugerida pelos registos do Lago Malawi. Nossos resultados, juntamente com a evidência de umedecimento no Lago Malawi, implicam que a correia de chuva se contrai em direção ao Equador em resposta ao aumento do volume de gelo em altas latitudes. Ao reduzir a extensão das florestas e zonas úmidas em ecossistemas terrestres, as mudanças observadas no hidroclima do sudeste da África - tanto em termos de estado de longo prazo quanto de marcada variabilidade precessional - poderiam ter tido um papel na evolução dos primeiros hominídeos, particularmente em a extinção do Paranthropus robustus.
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Acknowledgements
T.C.
is supported by CNRS-INSU. Funding from LEFE-IMAGO CNRS INSU project
SeaSalt is acknowledged. T.C. was partly supported by the ‘Laboratoire
d’Excellence’ LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) and co-funded by a grant from
the French government under the program ‘Investissements d’Avenir’, and
by a grant from the Regional Council of Brittany (SAD programme). J.A.C.
acknowledges funding from the ERC project ‘STEEPClim’. E.S. and L.D.
acknowledge funding through the DFG Research Center/Cluster of
Excellence ‘The Ocean in the Earth System’ at MARUM – Center for
Environmental Sciences. A.S. acknowledges funding through the LaScArBx, a
programme supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche
(ANR-10-LABX-52). C.G.-C. was supported by CREST (grant number
JPMJCR12A3; P.I. SLS) funded by the Japan Science and Technology (JST).
Core MD96-2048 was collected during the MOZAPHARE cruise of the RV
Marion Dufresne, supported by the French agencies Ministère de
l’Education Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Institut Paul Emile
Victor (IPEV).
Reviewer informationNature thanks C. O’Brien, M. Petraglia, K. Uno and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Reviewer informationNature thanks C. O’Brien, M. Petraglia, K. Uno and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Author information
Affiliations
EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Thibaut Caley
- , Thomas Extier
- , Bruno Malaizé
- , Linda Rossignol
- , Frédérique Eynaud
- , Philippe Martinez
- , Karine Charlier
- , Mélanie Wary
- , Pierre-Yves Gourves
- , Isabelle Billy
- & Jacques Giraudeau
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Thomas Extier
- & Didier M. Roche
GFZ – German Research Center for Geosciences, Section 5.1 Geomorphology, Organic Surface Geochemistry Laboratory, Potsdam, Germany
- James A. Collins
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- James A. Collins
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Enno Schefuß
- & Lydie Dupont
PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Antoine Souron
Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Erin L. McClymont
Department of Biogeochemistry (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Francisco J. Jimenez-Espejo
Research and Development Center for Global Change, (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
- Carmen García-Comas
Ecology Group, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Carmen García-Comas
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Cluster Earth and Climate, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Didier M. Roche
Unité Géosciences Marines, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Plouzané, France
- Stephan J. Jorry
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