Ancient 'Loch Ness Monster' from Antarctica Breaks a Record for Body Size
A hungry Aristonectes plesiosaur eyes a squid in this illustration.
Credit: Nobumichi Tamura/Stocktrek Images via Getty Images
Paleontologists have discovered the remains of an ancient Loch Ness Monster look-alike in freezing Antarctica. And just like the legendary Nessie, it wasn't the runt of the litter.
The prehistoric plesiosaur — a four-flippered marine reptile that lived
during the dinosaur age — measured a colossal 36 feet (11 meters) long
from snout to tail, about as long as a modern telephone pole. This
newfound "sea monster" is now the largest known elasmosaurid (a type of
plesiosaur with a long neck) on record.
"Not only is it quite long, it's also quite stocky" and weighed nearly
15 tons (13.4 metric tons) when it was alive, making it the heaviest
known elasmosaurid, said study lead researcher José O'Gorman, a
vertebrate paleontologist at the La Plata Museum and the National
University of La Plata in Argentina. [Photos: Uncovering One of the Largest Plesiosaurs on Record]
Researchers discovered the fossils of the enormous plesiosaur on
Antarctia's Seymour Island (known as "Marambio" in Argentina) in 1989.
But the beast was so large and the rock was so hard that it took three
return trips — in 2005, 2012 and 2017 — to fully extricate the specimen.
During that time, the scientists collected 1,760 lbs. (800 kilograms)
of fossilized bones embedded in rock.
Researchers unearth the enormous plesiosaur's fossils on Seymour Island, Antarctica.
Credit: J.P.O'Gorman-IAA
On the island, the fossils lay hidden in the López de Bertodano
Formation, just 7.5 feet (2.3 meters) below the K/Pg boundary, the
geologic line showing the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.
This notorious extinction led to the demise of the nonavian dinosaurs
and plesiosaurs, when a 6-mile-long (10 kilometers) asteroid collided
with Earth about 66 million years ago.
Given the fossils' proximity to the K/Pg boundary, this ancient sea
monster likely lived 30,000 years before that mass extinction, O'Gorman
told Live Science.
A researcher pauses to drink some mate during the excavation of the plesiosaur in Antarctica.
Credit: J.P.O'Gorman-IAA
This particular plesiosaur likely falls within the genus Aristonectes,
but the scientists aren't sure if it's a new species, said O'Gorman,
who is also part of National Scientific and Technical Research Council
of Argentina (CONICET). That's because the newfound fossils don't
overlap enough with those of other specimens, making comparisons
difficult, he said.
In other words, the nickname Nessie might be most appropriate, given the creature's striking resemblance.
That said, Aristonectes' remains do shed light on its life.
Parts of its vertebrae were fused together, indicating that the creature
was a fully grown adult, the researchers found. And although this Aristonectes
was a huge beast, its neck wasn't as elongated as those of other
elasmosaurids, because it literally had fewer neck vertebrae. That's why
researchers call it "stocky," O'Gorman noted.
Even its location fits in with the track record of its relatives, as
other late Cretaceous elasmosaurid fossils have been found in the
southern portion of the world, including Patagonia (a region in southern Argentina and Chile), western Antarctica and New Zealand, the researchers said.
This newfound Aristonectes likely dined on invertebrates, that
is, animals without backbones, such as jellyfish. This specimen's huge
size indicates that its ecosystem was flourishing and likely replete
with tasty prey, O'Gorman said. Such plentiful conditions may have
lasted until the mass extinction, he added.
The study, which was largely funded by Argentina's National Antarctic
Directorate and the Argentine Antarctic Institute, will be published in
the October issue of the journal Cretaceous Research.
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