Behavioral evolution
First report of stone tool use by Cebus Monkeys
July 9, 2018
Coiba National Park, Panama
White-faced capuchin monkeys in Panama’s Coiba National Park
habitually use hammer and anvil stones to break hermit crab shells,
snail shells, coconuts and other food items, according to visiting
scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). This
is the first report of habitual stone-tool use by Cebus monkeys.
“Despite being studied for more than 25 years at several field sites, no species in the genus Cebus
has ever been previously observed habitually using stone tools,” said
lead author Brendan Barrett, formerly a short-term fellow at STRI, and
now a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for
Ornithology and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
To observe white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), Barrett and colleagues set up motion-sensor-triggered camera traps. Based on a year of data from the cameras, researchers never saw adult females using stone tools, despite their presence at the site. Among males, stone tool use was common. At one site, capuchin monkeys used tools on more than 80 percent of the days they were observed.
Coiba National Park lies about 23 kilometers from Panama’s Pacific Coast and consists of nine larger islands and more than 100 smaller islands. The islands were isolated from the mainland between 12,000 and 18,000 years ago by sea-level rise after the last ice age. Cebus monkeys are found on three of the larger islands, Coiba Island (50,314 hectares), Jicarón Island (2,002 hectares) and Ranchería Island (222 hectares). Stone tool use was only observed on Jicarón Island.
To observe white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), Barrett and colleagues set up motion-sensor-triggered camera traps. Based on a year of data from the cameras, researchers never saw adult females using stone tools, despite their presence at the site. Among males, stone tool use was common. At one site, capuchin monkeys used tools on more than 80 percent of the days they were observed.
Coiba National Park lies about 23 kilometers from Panama’s Pacific Coast and consists of nine larger islands and more than 100 smaller islands. The islands were isolated from the mainland between 12,000 and 18,000 years ago by sea-level rise after the last ice age. Cebus monkeys are found on three of the larger islands, Coiba Island (50,314 hectares), Jicarón Island (2,002 hectares) and Ranchería Island (222 hectares). Stone tool use was only observed on Jicarón Island.
Capuchins used large stones held in both hands to process tough Terminalia catappa
nuts, and smaller stones held in one hand to process smaller items such
as hermit crabs and snails. They also transported seeds and stones to
processing areas.
Researchers concluded that tool-users spend a large amount of time on the ground, which is possible on this protected island where the monkeys have few predators and resources are likely to be as or more scarce than they are on the mainland. Cebus monkeys on the mainland do not use stone tools, although they commonly pound and rub fruit and small-animal prey such as squirrels and lizards on branches to process them as food.
Species in the genus Sapajus, known as robust capuchin monkeys, native to South America, have long been known to use tools. In fact, tool use is one of the characteristics that distinguishes this group from the smaller monkeys in the genus Cebus, known as gracile capuchins, found in Central and South America.
Chimpanzees (Pan) and macaques (Macaca) also use stone tools. Tool use in macaques is also limited to islands. The use of stone tools by robust capuchins, gracile capuchins in the Americas and macaques in Thailand to process T. catappa nuts will be an interesting opportunity to compare the origins of this behavior. Tool use in other primates likely preceded tool use by the first human relatives roughly 3 million years ago.
“In addition to the excitement of adding a fourth (known) genus of stone-tool using primate to our list, it is exciting to be doing ecological research in Panama’s Coiba National Park, a unique place where there is a lot of potential for discovery for conservation research to be done,” Barrett said. “STRI’s new Coibita field station helps make it possible to do field research on Jicarón and Coiba Islands, remote places where research is logistically challenging.”
Researchers concluded that tool-users spend a large amount of time on the ground, which is possible on this protected island where the monkeys have few predators and resources are likely to be as or more scarce than they are on the mainland. Cebus monkeys on the mainland do not use stone tools, although they commonly pound and rub fruit and small-animal prey such as squirrels and lizards on branches to process them as food.
Species in the genus Sapajus, known as robust capuchin monkeys, native to South America, have long been known to use tools. In fact, tool use is one of the characteristics that distinguishes this group from the smaller monkeys in the genus Cebus, known as gracile capuchins, found in Central and South America.
Chimpanzees (Pan) and macaques (Macaca) also use stone tools. Tool use in macaques is also limited to islands. The use of stone tools by robust capuchins, gracile capuchins in the Americas and macaques in Thailand to process T. catappa nuts will be an interesting opportunity to compare the origins of this behavior. Tool use in other primates likely preceded tool use by the first human relatives roughly 3 million years ago.
“In addition to the excitement of adding a fourth (known) genus of stone-tool using primate to our list, it is exciting to be doing ecological research in Panama’s Coiba National Park, a unique place where there is a lot of potential for discovery for conservation research to be done,” Barrett said. “STRI’s new Coibita field station helps make it possible to do field research on Jicarón and Coiba Islands, remote places where research is logistically challenging.”
“The capuchins of Coiba National Park provide us with an amazing
opportunity for studying how and why stone tool use emerges, as well as
what record it leaves behind,” said Meg Crofoot, research associate at
STRI and professor of anthropology at the University of California,
Davis. “White-faced capuchins are a very well-studied species, so
stumbling upon a tool-using population—the only one known for the entire
genus—was really unexpected and serves as an important reminder of the
behavioral diversity waiting to be discovered. It highlights the
importance of remote and little known areas like Coiba National Park,
and serves as a vivid call to action to conserve behavioral, cultural
and genetic diversity.”
Members of the research team are affiliated with STRI, the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Radolfzell, Germany, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, the Animal Behavior Graduate Group at UC Davis, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and Estación Científica Coiba, AIP, Panama. Research was funded by a Coss Award for International Field Research, a STRI short-term fellowship and a L.S.B. Leakey Foundation grant, funds from the Max Planck Institute, a Packard Foundation Fellowship and a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
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Barrett, B.J., Monteza-Moreno, C.M., Dogandižić, T., Zwyns, N., Ibañez, A. and Crofoot, M.C. 2018. Habitual stone-tool aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. bioRxiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/351619
Members of the research team are affiliated with STRI, the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Radolfzell, Germany, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, the Animal Behavior Graduate Group at UC Davis, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and Estación Científica Coiba, AIP, Panama. Research was funded by a Coss Award for International Field Research, a STRI short-term fellowship and a L.S.B. Leakey Foundation grant, funds from the Max Planck Institute, a Packard Foundation Fellowship and a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
# # #
Barrett, B.J., Monteza-Moreno, C.M., Dogandižić, T., Zwyns, N., Ibañez, A. and Crofoot, M.C. 2018. Habitual stone-tool aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. bioRxiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/351619
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