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Vertebrate Zoology

Hominid Evolution: Ancestors

hominids = human’s closest relatives
are omnivores that ate meat and vegetables; had bipedal locomotion and opposable thumb

remarkable increase in brain size

African hominid origins
By Kameraad Pjotr & Sting [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Human origins, one hypothesis (many scientists feel that Homo erectus gave rise to Homo sapiens
By Reed DL, Smith VS, Hammond SL, Rogers AR, Clayton DH [CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

Hominids and Humans

human features that are derived include upright posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brain, speech, reduced jawbone, shorter digestive tract
The hominid line split from the chimpanzee line less than 10 mya
oldest hominid known (7 mya) = Sahelanthropus tchandensis, which was more upright and bipedal than other primates, and had reduced canines and a more flat face than other primates
bipedalism may have arisen because of a diminishing forest community transitioning to woodland or grassland, or because of the niche of collecting low-hanging fruit which required walking

Ardipithecus ramidus

lived about 4.4 mya, fossils found in north Africa only
brain capacity = 325 ml
likely walked upright facultatively; also walked on all 4 legs when necessary

dentition indicates omnivory

Ardipithecus cranium
By T. Michael Keesey (Zanclean skullUploaded by FunkMonk) [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Ardipithecus skeleton
By Ori~ (Own work after File:Ardipithecus Gesamt.jpg) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Australopithecus

lived 1.5 to 4 million years ago
walked upright, knees slightly out when walking
brain capacity = 550 ml

fossils found in Africa only

Australopithecus skull
By Pbuergler (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Australopithecus pelvis, anterior and posterior views
By Profberger (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo habilis

1.6 to 2.4 million years ago; means “handy man”
used tools of stone and bones; brain capacity = 600-750 ml
had a protrusive jaw

walked more upright; fossils found in Africa only

Homo habilis skull
By JosŽ-Manuel Benito çlvarez (Espa–a) Ñ> Locutus Borg (Self work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo habilis skull reconstruction
By derivative work: Sargoth (talk) Homo_habilis.JPG: Photographed by User:Lillyundfreya (Homo_habilis.JPG) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo ergaster

1.6 to 1.9 million years ago

larger brain and longer legs than Homo habilis

Homo ergaster skull
By Luna04 [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported or GNU] via Wikimedia Commons.

Homo ergaster, an early hominid
By Nariokotome_Boy.jpg: Bubblecar derivative work: H005 (Nariokotome_Boy.jpg) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo erectus

brain capacity = 970 ml; used tools and fire
had brow ridges; made dwellings; 1.8 million to 500,000 years ago

fossils found in Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia

Homo erectus skull
By Thomas Roche from San Francisco, USA (Homo Erectus) [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo erectus skull reconstruction
By Philip72 (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Homo sapiens

1400 ml brain capacity, lacked brow ridges

1st members were Cro magnons - Europe

oldest known fossils are 160,000 years old

Cromagnon skull
By LatŽnium (LatŽnium) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Cro magnon art
By Cro-Magnon peoples (http://www.mageist.net/Images/lascaux_horse.jpg) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

include neanderthals (Europe)

DNA evidence indicates that neanderthals were a clade
neanderthals did not share genes with other modern Europeans

neanderthals became extinct around 30,000 years ago

Neanderthal skull
By J. Arthur Thomson. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Neanderthal reconstruction
By Hermann Schaaffhausen («Ther Neanderthaler Fund». Publisher: Marcus, Bonn) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

400000 years ago to present
led to present day humans
fossils found worldwide

Phylum Chordata - the chordates (includes vertebrates)

are all bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate
includes the largest land dwelling animals - plant eating dinosaurs at 40,000 kg; the largest animal ever - blue whale - 100,000 kg
approx. 52,000 sp (insects include nearly 1,000,000 sp)

all chordates have (at some point in life)

a notochord (internal skeleton beneath the dorsal body surface)
pharyngeal gill slits leading from the pharynx to the outside
a hollow dorsal nerve cord
a muscular post-anal tail

includes 3 subphyla:

Urochordata - the sea squirts or tunicates
- are all marine; have a tadpole-like stage with a notochord; the adult is not like other chordates
- are sessile filter feeders
- sea squirts secrete a cellulose outer covering
- tadpole larva of the urochordates may have given rise to the vertebrates

Cephalochordata - lancelets

contains one species - Amphioxus
are fishlike but do not have eyes
are sand burrowers but can swim; they filter feed
have myotome muscles similar to fish

their adult form retains chordate characteristics

Primitive Chordate
By Piotr Jaworski, PioM (Piotr Jaworski, PioM) [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Lancelet
By (Hans Hillewaert) (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Key: 2=notochord, 3=dorsal nerve cord, 14=mouth, 10=pharyngeal gill slits, 5=anus, 4=tail.

Functions: The notochord provides support to the body. The brain and dorsal nerve cord coordinate the muscles and organs to swim and feed. The anus rids of undigestible material. The pharyngeal gill slits and gills exchange gas with the water for respiration. The tail provides propulsion for swimming..

Craniates - Chordates With a Head

they have 2 sets of Hox genes while more primitive chordates have only 1
they have neural crest cells that form at the margin of the closing neural tube which migrate through the body and form various structures
pharyngeal clefts evolved into gill slits for gas exchange

the oldest fossils of craniates are from period of the Cambrian Explosion

Neural crest cell formation in an embryo
By Abitua (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Pharyngeal gill slits in a lancelet
By Minami Himemiya (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Key: 1 primary bars (septa), 2 coelom, 3 skeletal rods, 4 secondary bars (tongue bars), 5 gill slits, 6 atrium, 7 pharynx

Class Myxini

hagfishes, the most primitive craniates; lack jaws and vertebrae and have a cartilaginous skull
are scavengers and feed with keratinized toothlike structures
they retain their notochord throughout life

their body is snakelike and they swim in a snakelike fashion

Hagishes
By Colin75 (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Hagfish
By Ed Bowlby, NOAA/Olympic Coast NMS; NOAA/OAR/Office of Ocean Exploration [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Vertebrata - the vertebrates
- are well cephalized
- have kidneys unique to the animal kingdom, ventral heart, liver, endocrine organs, closed circulation, some degree of segmentation
- the Dlx family of transcription factor genes underwent duplication
- have stiffened fins with fin rays and efficient gills for gas exchange
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
- the lampreys - the most primitive vertebrates
- are mostly marine, some are freshwater
- lack jaws, lack paired fins, eyes are poorly developed, gill slits are externally visible
- heart is 2-chambered; gills for respiration
- lampreys are parasitic with a round mouth containing a rasping tongue with sharp spines for penetrating their hosts and sucking body fluids
- skeleton is completely proteinaceous with a notochord that persists throughout life
- have an ammocoete larva that live like lancelets
Conodonts and Vertebrate Features
- now extinct, were soft-bodied vertebrates with barbed hooks used as teeth
- they had bony teeth, the possible origin of bone in vertebrates
Gnathostomes
- are vertebrates with true jaws, possibly evolving from structures that supported the pharyngeal gill slits
- ancient gnathostomes doubled their Hox genes again, to 4 sets
- the brain became larger and a lateral line evolved as an “ear”- a set of neurons down the size of the body that is sensitive to vibrations in water
- they evolved paired fins - pectoral and pelvic, allowing great maneuverability
- Class Chondrichthyes
  - the cartilaginous fish - includes sharks, skates, and rays; are mostly marine
  - have jaws and paired fins; eyes are well developed; gill slits are externally visible; gills for respiration; must constantly swim to “breathe”
  - heart is 2 chambered; body is covered with scales (placoid); bone is only retained in a few structures such as teeth
  - most forms are predatory, some forms are scavengers; few are filter feeding (whale shark)
  - skeleton is completely cartilaginous with vertebra instead of a notochord throughout life
  - have acute senses: olfactory organs for smell, lateral line system for hearing, ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception
  - sexual reproduction involves internal fertilization; some forms are oviparous (lay eggs); others are ovoviviparous - bear live young (yolk nourished); other forms are viviparous (maternal nourished)
  - intestine has unique spiral valve to maximize digestion; lack a swimbladder (oil of liver gives buoyancy)

Osteichthyes

includes 3 surviving classes: ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and lungfishes
includes most of the fish of the seas and freshwater communities
have a swimbladder for buoyancy; protected gills for respiration
skeleton is bony (but much of skeleton is still cartilage)
have jaws and paired fins; lateral line system; eyes are well developed, gills are covered by a bony plate (operculum)
heart is 2 chambered; body is covered with scales (cycloid)
most forms are predatory, but all possible niches are covered
most lay eggs; some forms are ovoviviparous - bear live young (yolk nourished); other forms are viviparous (maternal nourished)

have lateral lines for hearing, have olfactory organs for smell

Bony fish anatomy (fangtooth)
By Wilfredor (Own work. Image renamed from File:Fangtooth.svg) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Fish internal anatomy
By User:Uwe Gille (Own work) [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
Key: 1 liver, 2 stomach, 3 intestine, 4 heart, 5 swim bladder, 6 kidney, 7 testicle, 8 ureter, 9 efferent duct, 10 urinary bladder, 11 gills

Class Actinopterygii

the ray-finned fishes
includes: eels, bass, sunfish, minnows, carp, catfish, livebearers, perch, etc..., most fish on earth

some types have electroreceptors along the lateral line and can generate electric shock (electric eel)

Lepomis gibbosus, sunfish
By Raver, Duane (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Electric eel
By Stan Shebs [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported or GNU] via Wikimedia Commons.

Guppy varieties By Melanochromis (Self made. Own work by uploader) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons	Paddlefish By Timothy Knepp [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
	American eel By Ellen Edmonson and Hugh Chrisp (http://pond.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/fish.html) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sarcopterygii - the lobe-finned fishes - 3 classes:

class Actinistia - coelacanths - large marine lobe-finned fish
class Dipnoi - the lungfish, which can gulp air into lungs and breathe air; can also estivate during hot dry weather and wait for rain

the third class is the tetrapods

Latimeria, the Coelacanth
By Alberto Fernandez Fernandez (Own work) [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC-BY-SA-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

Lungfish
Tannin at the English language Wikipedia [GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Tetrapods

originated over 360 million years ago, fins evolving into legs and feet
adult living tetrapods have no pharyngeal gill slits
tetrapods evolved from some sarcopterygiian that inhabited shallows

Class Amphibia - the amphibians

includes Anura (frogs, toads), Urodele (salamanders, newts), and Apodans (caecilians)
are freshwater and terrestrial forms
have lungs for respiration; are ectothermic; 3 chambered heart; skeleton is bony
tongue is used to catch prey; most forms are predatory
lay aquatic eggs, have a common larval form (tadpole); metamorphosis produces the adult
have forelegs and hindlegs for locomotion (tetrapods)
smooth skin covers body (except caecilians)
have crude ears for hearing, well developed eyes for sight
many forms hibernate over winter; some estivate over summer

reproduction is sexual with external fertilization and external development

Frog
By Harmen Piekema via GNU via Wikimedia Commons

Salamander
By Brian Gratwicke [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Caecilian
By Franco Andreone via [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Unported] via Wikimedia Commons

Amphibian metamorphosis
By Meyers Konversations-Lexikon [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Amphibian heart
By Biodidac: Frog heart

Amphibian circulation - 2 atria and 1 ventricle
By Azimski [Public Domain]

Amniotes

amniotes evolved the amniotic or shelled egg, an adaptation for eggs on land
the amniotic egg contains an amnion to bathe and protect the embryo, along with other extraembryonic membranes for gas exchange, waste storage, and nutrient transfer

the skin became more impermeable to water and the ribs became more important to ventilation

The shelled (amniotic, cleidoic) egg
By Benutzer:Horst Frank; SVG version by cs:User:-xfi-; correction of the orientation: Domsau2 [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported or GNU] via Wikimedia Commons.

1. Eggshell, 2. Outer membrane, 3. Inner membrane, 4. Chalaza, 5. Exterior albumen (outer thin albumen), 6. Middle albumen (inner thick albumen), 7. Vitelline membrane, 8. Nucleus of pander, 9. Germinal disk (blastoderm), 10. Yellow yolk, 11. White yolk, 12. Internal albumen, 13. Chalaza, 14. Air cell, 15. Cuticula

Class Reptilia

a clade that contains lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds; also extinct dinosaurs
are freshwater, terrestrial, and marine forms; most forms are predatory
have lungs for respiration; are ectothermic; 3 chambered heart (crocodilians have 4 chambered heart)
fertilization is usually internal; eggs are terrestrial amniotic eggs
scales cover the body, made of keratin
possess ears for hearing, eyes for sight, tongue for taste or smell (snakes)

many forms hibernate over winter

Snake Anatomy
By User:Uwe Gille (Own work) [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
Key: 1 esophagus, 2 trachea, 3 tracheal lungs, 4 rudimentary left lung, 5 right lung, 6 heart, 7 liver, 8 stomach, 9 air sac, 10 gallbladder, 11 Pancreas, 12 spleen, 13 intestine, 14 testicles, 15 kidneys.

Evolution:
- original reptiles forms were parareptiles with large dermal plates, stocky quadrupeds - now extinct
- next were diapsids with a pair of holes on each side of the skull behind the eye
  - lepidosaurs includes lizards, snakes, and tuataras
  - archosaurs includes the crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs
tuatara - lizard-like reptiles of New Zealand region

squamata - the lizards (most widespread reptiles) and snakes

lizards are the most diverse reptiles

snakes evolved from lizards resembling the Komodo dragon

Tuatara
By Knutschie [Public Domain] via Wikimedia Commons.

Collared lizard
I, Daniel Schwen [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Emerald boa
By Photo by Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Own work) [GFDL 1.2 or CC-BY-SA-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

Cobra in the yard!
By Prashanthns (Own work) [GFDL 1.2, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Chelonia - turtles, terrapins, and tortoises

the most distinctive reptiles
the origin of the shell is still a mystery

debate rages over their placement - some feel they are archosaurs or lepidosaurs,while others think the shell originated in parareptiles

Anapside skull, the type of skull present in the Chelonia
By Preto(m) (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Turtle shell structure
By Lycaon [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Key: a- Nuchal, b- Marginal, c- Central, d- Costal, e- Supracaudal

Tortoise
By Aaron Logan [Creative Commons Attribution 1.0 Generic] via Wikimedia Commons

Florida softshell turtle
By Johnskate17 (Johnskate17, cropped by User:Vmenkov) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Alligator Snapping Turtle
By Norbert Nagel, Mörfelden-Walldorf, Germany (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Box turtle - able to raise the lower shell and close up
By Doug Letterman (originally posted to Flickr as In go the legs) [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Crocodilia - crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials

the largest living reptiles, kin to the now-extinct dinosaurs

(croc 4th mandibular tooth fits into groove in upper jaw-visible with mouth closed)

Alligator
By Eistreter (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Crocodile
By Donald Macauley from Carshalton, Surrey, UK (Crocodile Uploaded by Amada44) [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

The Birds - Class Aves

are archosaurs, with amniotic eggs, scales, and feathers

flight causes nearly all aspects of bird structure to be oriented to weight reduction

females have only one ovary, teeth are lacking
some bones are air-filled

feathers are hollow and air-filled

Bird external anatomy
By ZooFari [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Bird skeleton
By Squelette_oiseau.JPG: BIODIDAC derivative work: mario modesto (Squelette_oiseau.JPG) [CC-BY-2.5, GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Key: 1. Skull, 2. Cervical vertebrae, 3. Furcula, 4. Coracoid, 5. Uncinate process, 6. Keel, 7. Patella, 8. Tarsometatarsus, 9. Digits, 10. Tibiotarsus (10 and 11), 11. Tibiotarsus (10 and 11), 12. Femur, 13. Ischium (innominate bone), 14. Pubi (innominate bone), 15. Illium (innominate bone), 16. Caudal vertebrae, 17. Pygostyle, 18. Synsacrum, 19. Scapula, 20. Lumbar vertebrae, 21. Humerus, 22. Ulna, 23. Radius, 24. Carpus, 25. Metacarpus, 26. Digits, 27. Alula.

flight allows exploitation of habitat, food, and reproductive strategies
are freshwater (surface), terrestrial, and marine (surface)
have lungs for respiration; are endothermic; 4 chambered heart and efficient circulation
are predatory, parasitic, scavenger, and herbivorous forms
lay terrestrial amniotic eggs
feathers made of keratin cover body
have well developed ears, eyes, and tongue
do not hibernate, but many forms migrate for reproduction
probably evolved from theropods, possibly as small ground-dwelling dinosaurs either jumped and gained air-time while feeding or glided from tree branches

Archaeopteryx is a famous transitional form between theropods and modern birds

Archaeopteryx
By H. Raab (User:Vesta) (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Skull of reptile → dinosaur/bird lineage (diapsid)
By derivative work: Gagea (talk) Skull_diapsida_1.png: Preto(m) (Skull_diapsida_1.png) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

includes: loons, grebes, albatrosses, petrels, pelicans, waterfowl, vultures, hawks, falcons, eagles, owls, turkey, grouse, herons, cranes, shorebirds, pigeons, doves, cuckoos, goatsuckers, hummingbirds, parrots, kingfishers, woodpeckers, perching birds, etc...

Goshawk
By Mailseth [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported or GNU] via Wikimedia Commons.

Albatross
By JJ Harrison (http://www.noodlesnacks.com/) (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Woodpecker
By Wolfgang Wander (http://www.pbase.com/wwcsig/image/41280575) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Great blue heron
By Christian Mehlführer, User:Chmehl (Own work) [CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

Barn owl
Kev747 at en.wikipedia [GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Summer tanager
By Julian Londono from Manizales, Colombia [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Ruby-throated hummingbird
By Dan Pancamo (Flickr: Hummer Sunday) [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Mammals - Class Mammalia

are freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms

derived features are mammary glands, hair made of keratin

Cat Internal Anatomy
By Surachit [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC-BY-SA-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

Skull of reptile → mammal lineage (synapsid)
By derivative work: Gagea (talk) Skull_synapsida_1.png: Preto(m) (Skull_synapsida_1.png) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

have lungs for respiration; are endothermic; have an insulating layer of fat; 4 chambered heart
have larger brains that other vertebrates; have long parental care period caring for young
are predatory, scavenger, and herbivorous forms; dentition shows a variety of different teeth for different functions
mammals belong to the synapsids, a group of amniotes with a fenestra behind each eye socket

the first mammals originated in the Triassic

Lycosuchus, a dinosaur of the lineage that led to the first mammals
By Philip72 (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Megazostrodon, an early mammal of the Triassic
By Nordelch (Megazostrodon Natural History Museum) [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

only platypus and echidna lay eggs, rest of group gives birth to undeveloped young that are nourished by mammary glands
hair covers body, made of keratin; have well developed ears, eyes, and tongue
some forms hibernate
includes the largest animals (the whales), and the largest meat eaters alive today (polar bears)
there are 3 groups:
- monotremes - the platypuses and echidnas, the mammals that lay eggs
  - females have mammary glands to nurse the young after the young hatch
- marsupials - the opossums, koalas, kangaroos, etc.
  - do not lay eggs, give birth to tiny underdeveloped young that drop into a pouch that contains mammary glands and finish development there
  - except for the opossum, they are restricted to Australia, which lacked Eutherian mammals
- eutherians - the placental mammals; young are born more developed than in the marsupials; gestation occurs in a well-developed uterus

Mammalian orders:

monotremata - duck-billed platypus and echidna

Duck-billed platypus
By Stefan Kraft [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Echidna
By KeresH [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license], via Wikimedia Commons

marsupiala - marsupials (kangaroo, koala, etc.)

insectivora - moles, shrews

Eastern Mole
By Kenneth Catania, Vanderbilt University [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Shrew
See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

dermoptera - flying lemurs

Flying lemur
By Lip Kee Yap [CC-BY-SA-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

chiroptera - bats

Fruit bat
By Hubris.nemesis (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons

primates - lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans

edentata - sloths, anteaters, armadillos

Sloth
By Julia Kerschbaum [GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Anteater
by Dirk van der Made via [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported or GNU] via Wikimedia Commons.

9-banded armadillo
By http://www.birdphotos.com Tomfriedel (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

lagomorpha - rabbits, hares, pikas
rodentia - mice, rats, voles, beavers, porcupines, guinea pigs, hamsters, jerboas, squirrels, gophers
cetacea - whales, dolphins, porpoises

carnivora - dogs, cats, hyenas, bears, wolves, raccoons, pandas, weasels, otters, badgers, skunks, jackals, civets, mongooses

Giant Panda
By Jeff Kubina (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Mongoose
By J.M.Garg (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

pinnipedia - seals, sea lions, walruses
Walrus

Walrus
By Pfinge at fr.wikipedia [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

proboscidea - elephants

African elephant
By Eugenia & Julian via [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Unported ] via Wikimedia Commons

perrissodactyla - odd-toed ungulates, horses, zebras, donkeys, tapirs, rhinoceri
artiodactyla - even-toad ungulates, pigs, hippopotami, camels, deer, giraffes, buffaloes, cattle, gazelles, goats, llamas, antelopes, sheep