
The location of a proposed homeland for the maternal ancestors
of living humans in what is now the Kalahari Desert of Botswana, and
their routes out as climate changed
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
Experts question study claiming to pinpoint birthplace of all humans
A new genetic study suggests all modern humans trace our
ancestry to a single spot in southern Africa 200,000 years ago. But
experts say the study, which analyzes the DNA of living people, is not
nearly comprehensive enough to pinpoint where our species arose.
“I’m persuaded that southern Africa was an important area for human
evolution,” says population geneticist Aylwyn Scally of the University
of Cambridge in the United Kingdom who was not involved with the work.
But, he says, studies of living people’s DNA can’t reveal the precise
location of our ancestors. “It would be astonishing if all our genetic
ancestry at this time arose in one small homeland.”
Modern humans arose in Africa at least 250,000 to 300,000 years ago, fossils and DNA reveal. But scientists have been unable to pinpoint a more specific homeland because the earliest Homo sapiens fossils are found across Africa, and ancient DNA from African fossils is scarce and not old enough.
In the new study, researchers gathered blood samples from 200 living
people in groups whose DNA is poorly known, including foragers and
hunter-gatherers in Namibia and South Africa who speak Khoisan languages
with click consonants. The authors analyzed the mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), a type of DNA inherited only from mothers, and compared it to
mtDNA in databases from more than 1000 other Africans, mostly from
southern Africa. Then the researchers sorted how all the samples were
related to each other on a family tree.
Confirming earlier studies, the data reveal that one mtDNA
lineage in the Khoisan speakers—L0—is the oldest known mtDNA lineage in
living people. The work also tightens the date of origin of L0 to about
200,000 years ago (with a range of error of 165,000 to 240,000; previous
studies had a range of error from 150,000 to 250,000), the team reports
today in Nature. Because today this lineage is found only in people in southern Africa, people carrying the L0 lineage lived in southern Africa and formed the ancestral population for all living humans,
says lead author Vanessa Hayes, a genomicist at the Garvan Institute of
Medical Research and the University of Sydney in Australia.

Vanessa Hayes has long studied the Juǀ’hoansi of the Kalahari Desert of Namibia who speak a Khoisan click language.
© Chris Bennett/Evolving Picture
Specifically, Hayes and her colleagues argue that the homeland
was in what is now the Kalahari region of northern Botswana. Although
the Kalahari is mostly desert and salt flats today, it was a lush
wetland from 200,000 to 130,000 years ago near what would have been the
largest lake in Africa, according to climate data and simulations in the
study.
The team proposes that people with the L0 mtDNA thrived in their
Kalahari homeland until about 130,000 to 110,000 years ago, when climate
change opened green corridors to the northeast and southwest. Some
individuals left their homeland and evolved new mtDNA lineages that the
team identifies.
But mtDNA alone in living people is a poor tool for tracking ancient
population history in Africa, says evolutionary geneticist Sarah
Tishkoff of the University of Pennsylvania. MtDNA traces only one
genetic lineage passed from mothers to their children over time. If the
researchers had traced the evolution of Y chromosomes inherited from
fathers or of any nuclear genes inherited from both parents, they might
have gotten many different answers, Scally adds.
Hayes responds that the team chose mtDNA because it doesn’t get
shuffled in early fetal development like other types of DNA do. As a
result, it can be used to trace living people’s evolution in a direct
line to a small number of female ancestors who only lived in southern
Africa, she says. “It acts like a time capsule for our ancestral
mothers.” Most of the data on Khoisan speakers’ Y chromosomes has
disappeared as men mixed with other groups, she says.
Critics also warn that the female ancestors of the Khoisan speakers
may not have lived in the same place 200,000 years ago. The ancestral
women with the L0 lineage could have migrated to southern Africa from
elsewhere or been part of a larger population whose descendants outside
of southern Africa went extinct, Tishkoff says.
The bottom line, says population geneticist Pontus Skoglund of the
Francis Crick Institute in London, is that populations move and mix so
much over the millennia that studying DNA from living humans is “very
limited when it comes to reconstructing what happened to populations
70,000 to 200,000 years ago.” For that, he says, you need ancient DNA.
Or well-dated fossils.
doi:10.1126/science.aba0155
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