sábado, 8 de setembro de 2018

O genoma da prole de uma mãe neandertal e um pai denisovano

Nature 561, 113–116 (2018) | Download Citation

Abstract

Os neandertais e os denisovanos são grupos extintos de hominídeos que se separaram há mais de 390 mil anos1,2. Aqui apresentamos o genoma do "Denisova 11", um fragmento ósseo da Caverna Denisova (Rússia) 3 e mostramos que ele vem de um indivíduo que tinha uma mãe neandertal e um pai denisovano.

O pai, cujo genoma possui vestígios de ascendência neandertal, veio de uma população relacionada a um Denisovan posterior encontrado na caverna4,5,6. A mãe veio de uma população mais próxima dos neandertais que viviam mais tarde na Europa2,7 do que de um neandertal anterior encontrado na caverna de Denisova8, sugerindo que as migrações de neandertais entre o leste e o oeste da Eurásia ocorreram cerca de 120.000 anos atrás.

A descoberta de uma prole de primeira geração de Neanderthal-Denisovan entre o pequeno número de espécimes arcaicos sequenciados até o momento sugere que a mistura entre os grupos de hominina do Pleistoceno Superior era comum quando eles se encontravam.

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    • Acknowledgements

    We thank B. Schellbach and A. Weihmann for DNA sequencing; G. Renaud and U. Stenzel for data processing; F. Brock for the computed tomography scans; R. Barr, P. Korlević and C. Zickert for graphics; and M. Slatkin and L. Vigilant for comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by the Max Planck Society; the Max Planck Foundation (grant 31-12LMP Pääbo to S.Pä.); the European Research Council (grant agreements 694707 to S.Pä., 324139 (PalaeoChron) to T.H. and 715069 (FINDER) to K.D.); and the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 14-50-00036 to M.B.K., M.V.S. and A.P.D.).

    Reviewer information

    Nature thanks D. Lambert, R. Nielsen and C. Stringer for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

    Author information

    1. These authors contributed equally: Viviane Slon, Fabrizio Mafessoni, Benjamin Vernot

    Affiliations

    1. Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

      • Viviane Slon
      • , Fabrizio Mafessoni
      • , Benjamin Vernot
      • , Cesare de Filippo
      • , Steffi Grote
      • , Mateja Hajdinjak
      • , Stéphane Peyrégne
      • , Sarah Nagel
      • , Janet Kelso
      • , Matthias Meyer
      • , Kay Prüfer
      •  & Svante Pääbo

    2. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

      • Bence Viola

    3. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

      • Bence Viola
      • , Maxim B. Kozlikin
      • , Michael V. Shunkov
      •  & Anatoly P. Derevianko

    4. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

      • Samantha Brown
      •  & Katerina Douka

    5. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

      • Katerina Douka
      •  & Tom Higham

    6. Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia

      • Michael V. Shunkov

    Contributions

    V.S. and S.N. performed the laboratory work; V.S., F.M., B.Ve., C.d.F., S.G., M.H., S.Pe., J.K., M.M., K.P. and S.Pä. analysed the genetic data; B.Vi. carried out the morphological analysis; S.B., K.D., T.H., M.B.K., M.V.S. and A.P.D. discovered Denisova 11 and provided archaeological data; V.S., K.P. and S.Pä. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.

    Competing interests

    The authors declare no competing interests.

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Viviane Slon or Svante Pääbo.

    Extended data figures and tables

    1. Extended Data Fig. 1 Comparison between cortical thickness of long bones from modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisova 11.

      Maximum cortical thickness of femora, tibiae, humeri, radii and ulnae from humans from the Bronze Age and two Neanderthals compared to the minimum thickness of Denisova 11 (dashed line).

    2. Extended Data Fig. 2 Comparison of the genome of Denisova 11 and simulated genomes.

      Percentage of sites at which Denisova 11 and genomes simulated under the demographic model described in Supplementary Information 6 carry two Neanderthal alleles (NN, blue), two Denisovan alleles (DD, red) or one allele of each type (ND, purple). a, Percentages calculated for two random DNA fragments from Denisova 11 and from simulated F1, F2, Neanderthal (NF0) or Denisovan (DF0) genomes. b, Proportions of sites for the simulated genotypes, before sampling two fragments.

    3. Extended Data Fig. 3 Neanderthal and Denisovan allele proportions from Denisova 11 in 1-Mb windows.

      The y axis shows −log(P) of the deviation of Neanderthal and Denisovan allele counts from the genome-wide average (χ2 test of goodness-of-fit; see Supplementary Information 7). The colour shows the proportion of alleles matching the Neanderthal state (%N) within each 1-Mb window (100-kb steps, n = 26,414 windows).
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