segunda-feira, 23 de setembro de 2019

Proteoma inicial do esmalte pleistoceno de Dmanisi resolve a filogenia de Stephanorhinus

Abstrato

O sequenciamento do DNA antigo permitiu a reconstrução de eventos de especiação, migração e mistura para táxons extintos1. No entanto, a degradação post-mortem irreversível2 do DNA antigo até agora limitou sua recuperação - fora das áreas de permafrost - a espécimes com menos de 0,5 milhão de anos (Myr) 3. 

Por outro lado, a espectrometria de massa em tandem permitiu o sequenciamento de aproximadamente 1,5 Myr de colágeno tipo I4 e sugeriu a presença de resíduos de proteínas em fósseis do período Cretáceo5 - embora com uso filogenético limitado6. 

Na ausência de evidências moleculares, a especiação de várias espécies extintas da época do Pleistoceno Precoce e Médio permanece controversa. Aqui, abordamos as relações filogenéticas dos rinocerotídeos da Eurásia do período Pleistoceno7,8,9, usando o proteoma do esmalte dental de um dente de Stephanorhinus com aproximadamente 1,77 Myr de idade, recuperado do sítio arqueológico de Dmanisi (sul do Cáucaso, Geórgia) 10) As análises filogenéticas moleculares colocam esse Stephanorhinus como um grupo irmão do clado formado pelo rinoceronte lanoso (Coelodonta antiquitatis) e pelo rinoceronte da Merck (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis). Mostramos que Coelodonta evoluiu de uma linhagem primitiva de Stephanorhinus e que esse último gênero inclui pelo menos duas linhas evolutivas distintas. 

O gênero Stephanorhinus é, portanto, atualmente parafilético, sendo necessária sua revisão sistemática. Demonstramos que o sequenciamento do proteoma do esmalte dental do Pleistoceno Superior supera as limitações da inferência filogenética baseada no colágeno ou no DNA antigo. Nossa abordagem também fornece informações adicionais sobre o sexo e a atribuição taxonômica de outras amostras de Dmanisi. 

Nossas descobertas revelam que a investigação proteômica do esmalte dental antigo - que é o tecido mais duro dos vertebrados11 e é altamente abundante no registro fóssil - pode levar a reconstrução da evolução molecular ainda mais à época do Pleistoceno Precoce, além dos limites atualmente conhecidos da antiguidade. Preservação de DNA.

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