Na ausência de evidências moleculares, a especiação de várias espécies extintas da época do Pleistoceno Precoce e Médio permanece controversa. Aqui, abordamos as relações filogenéticas dos rinocerotídeos da Eurásia do período Pleistoceno7,8,9, usando o proteoma do esmalte dental de um dente de Stephanorhinus com aproximadamente 1,77 Myr de idade, recuperado do sítio arqueológico de Dmanisi (sul do Cáucaso, Geórgia) 10) As análises filogenéticas moleculares colocam esse Stephanorhinus como um grupo irmão do clado formado pelo rinoceronte lanoso (Coelodonta antiquitatis) e pelo rinoceronte da Merck (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis). Mostramos que Coelodonta evoluiu de uma linhagem primitiva de Stephanorhinus e que esse último gênero inclui pelo menos duas linhas evolutivas distintas.
Nossas descobertas revelam que a investigação proteômica do esmalte dental antigo - que é o tecido mais duro dos vertebrados11 e é altamente abundante no registro fóssil - pode levar a reconstrução da evolução molecular ainda mais à época do Pleistoceno Precoce, além dos limites atualmente conhecidos da antiguidade. Preservação de DNA.
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